109-413: Hywind Scotland is the world's first commercial wind farm using floating wind turbines , situated 29 kilometres (18 mi) off Peterhead , Scotland . The farm has five 6 MW Siemens direct-drive turbines on Hywind floating monopiles, with a total capacity of 30 MW. It is operated by Hywind (Scotland) Limited, a joint venture of Equinor (75%) and Masdar (25%). Equinor (then: Statoil) launched
218-590: A "Community-Engaged University" by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. UMass research activities totaled more than $ 200 million in fiscal year 2014 ($ 257,407,928 in today's money). In 2016, the faculty adopted an open-access policy to make its scholarship publicly accessible online. A team of scientists at UMass led by Vincent Rotello has developed a molecular nose that can detect and identify various proteins. The research appeared in
327-1007: A 225 kW Vestas downwind turbine in 50-metre water depth at the Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands in 2022. In 2023, the first floating wind platform in Spain became operational after being connected to the grid. The 2 MW DemoSATH project is a joint effort by Saitec Offshore Technologies, RWE, and the Kansai Electric Power Company . Two common types of engineered design for anchoring floating structures include tension-leg and catenary loose mooring systems. Tension leg mooring systems have vertical tethers under tension providing large restoring moments in pitch and roll . Catenary mooring systems provide station–keeping for an offshore structure yet provide little stiffness at low tensions." A third form of mooring system
436-551: A 250 MW project off Brittany and two more in the Mediterranean . Large-scale auctions are expected in Spain, Portugal, Norway, and the UK, which has already allocated rights for over 15 GW. Europe aims for 3-4 GW of floating wind capacity by 2030, potentially reaching 10 GW with supportive policies. Scale modeling and computer modeling attempt to predict the behavior of large–scale wind turbines in order to avoid costly failures and to expand
545-416: A 250 MW project, and the high cost, small project size and lack of experience keep project developers and financial institutions from the risk of committing to the technology. In 2024, the 250 MW Pennavel project won an auction at €86/MWh. Initial deployment of single full-capacity turbines in deep-water locations began only in 2009. The world's first commercial floating offshore windfarm, Hywind Scotland
654-533: A 32% capacity factor and a floating transformer (see also List of offshore wind farms in Japan ). Two larger turbines of 5 and 7 MW have been unsuccessful. The first floating turbine in Japan was floated near Fukue Island in 2016, after a 5-year demonstration period near shore. In late 2021, China started its first floating wind turbine, a 5.5 MW MingYang at the 400 MW fixed-bottom Yangxi Shapa III wind farm. PivotBuoy received €4m EU funding in 2019, and installed
763-710: A Nursing Building, a Studio Arts Building, the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation facility, a track facility, and a Recreation Center. Newly completed construction projects on campus include the new Campus Police Station, the George N. Parks Minuteman Marching Band Building , the Life Sciences Laboratories, and the Integrated Learning Center. Residential Life at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
872-528: A black student was attacked and beaten to unconsciousness by fifteen to twenty white students according to archives from The Republican . In the wake of these events, students have worked to have open dialogues with the administration and police department about campus safety, the right to gather, the police force, and better methods of crowd control. UMass Amherst issued an announcement in early 2015 stating, "The University has determined that it will no longer admit Iranian national students to specific programs in
981-543: A capacity of 25 MW and has operated since July 2020. It produced 78 GWh in 2022, with a technical availability of 93%. The 48 MW Kincardine Offshore Wind Farm is the UK's second commercial floating offshore windfarm, and completed construction in August 2021, and became fully operational in October 2021. It is located 15 kilometres off the coast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in water depths ranging from 60 metres to 80 metres. Two of
1090-529: A different set of ground rules, which subsequently led Statoil to suspend due to increased uncertainty and risk in the project. Statoil considered other locations for its initial US demonstration project. Some vendors who could bid on the proposed project in Maine expressed concerns in 2010 about dealing with the United States regulatory environment. Since the proposed site is in federal waters, developers would need
1199-545: A floating wind farm. The Request For Proposal was seeking proposals for 25 MW of deep-water offshore wind capacity to supply power for 20-year long-term contract period in the Gulf of Maine . Proposals were due by May 2011. In April 2012 Statoil received state regulatory approval to build a large four-unit demonstration wind farm off the coast of Maine. As of April 2013 , the Hywind ;2 4-tower, 12–15 MW wind farm
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#17328481365091308-418: A guaranteed transfer to UMass Dartmouth , and the campus became part of UMass Amherst . The campus was named Mount Ida Campus of UMass Amherst and functions as a satellite campus for UMass Amherst. The campus primarily serves as a hub for Greater Boston-area career preparation and experiential learning opportunities for UMass Amherst students. The programs that are offered at the newly acquired campus will align
1417-900: A lot of flowers that will attract beneficial insects." UMass Amherst has the largest marching band in New England. The Minuteman Marching Band consists of over 390 members and regularly plays at football games. The band also performs in various other places and events like the Collegiate Marching Band Festival in Allentown, Pennsylvania , Bands of America in Indianapolis , Symphony Hall, Boston , The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade , Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California , and on occasion Montreal, Quebec , Canada. Fraternities, sororities, and honor societies have been present on
1526-477: A major research facility. The Robsham Memorial Center for Visitors welcomed thousands of guests to campus after its dedication in 1989. For athletic and other large events, the Mullins Center was opened in 1993. In 2003, Massachusetts State Legislature designated the University of Massachusetts Amherst as a research university and the "flagship campus of the University of Massachusetts system". The university
1635-492: A more sustainable landscaping method known as sheet mulching is employed. In November 2010, "about a quarter of a million pounds of organic matter was moved by hand", using all student and community volunteer labor and no fossil fuels on-site. The process took about two weeks to complete. Now, the Franklin Permaculture Garden includes a diverse mixture of "vegetables, fruit trees, berry bushes, culinary herbs, and
1744-557: A new image of the seal, featuring a profile of the Old Chapel spire, was ratified by the campus. Since the University of Massachusetts Amherst was founded as the Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1863, 25 individuals have been at the helm of the institution. Originally, the chief executive of UMass Amherst was a president. When UMass Boston was founded in 1963, it was initially reckoned as an off-site department of
1853-777: A permit from the US Minerals Management Service , "which took more than seven years to approve a yet-to-be-built, shallow-water wind project off Cape Cod " ( Cape Wind ). "Uncertainty over regulatory hurdles in the United States … is 'the Achilles heel' for Maine's ambitions for deepwater wind." In 2013, Statoil pulled out of the $ 120 million project of four 3-MW turbines floating in 140 m depth of water near Boothbay Harbor, Maine citing change in legislation, and focused on their five 6-MW turbines in Scotland instead, where
1962-523: A pilot floating wind farm, with six 2-megawatt turbines, off the Fukushima coast of northeast Japan where the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster created a scarcity of electric power. After the evaluation phase is complete in 2016, "Japan plans to build as many as 80 floating wind turbines off Fukushima by 2020." The cost is expected to be in the range of 10–20 billion Yen over five years to build
2071-503: A potential of 519 GW of floating offshore wind capacity in Japan. The four-post principle from Fukushima was certified for feasibility in 2020, and consortium was formed to mass produce the floating foundations. In 2018, NEDO announced two tenders to be launched aiming to support the development of both floating and fixed-bottom offshore wind projects in the country. The US State of Maine solicited proposals in September 2010 to build
2180-404: A private development called Fieldstone. These are in turn surrounded by a ring of athletic facilities, smaller administration buildings, and parking lots. The W.E.B. Du Bois Library is one of two library buildings on campus and the tallest academic research library in the world, standing 26 stories above ground and 286 feet (90.32 m) tall. Before its construction in the late 1960s, Goodell Hall
2289-453: A report on the Tugdock technology: “Tugdock which could enable floating wind developments at sites without suitable port facilities nearby. It could also reduce substructure assembly costs by 10% when compared with conventional methods by reducing requirements for costly heavy lift vessels that are few and far between”. The world's first commercial floating offshore windfarm, Hywind Scotland ,
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#17328481365092398-698: A shuttle bus service on campus as well as many other architectural additions; this included the Murray D. Lincoln Campus Center complete with a hotel, office space, fine dining restaurant, campus store, and passageway to the parking garage, the W. E. B. Du Bois Library , and the Fine Arts Center. Over the next two decades, the John W. Lederle Graduate Research Center and the Conte National Polymer Research Center were built and UMass Amherst emerged as
2507-406: A statement on February 18 committing to once again allowing Iranian students to apply to the aforementioned graduate programs. On the same day, an official in the U.S. Department of State stated in an interview that: "U.S. laws and regulations do not prevent Iranian people from traveling to the United States or studying in engineering program of any U.S. academic institutions." UMass Amherst replaced
2616-544: A two-year test deployment. Hywind, owned by Statoil , cost 400 million kroner (around US$ 62 million) to build and deploy. The 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) long submarine power transmission cable was installed in July 2009 and system test including rotor blades and initial power transmission was conducted shortly thereafter. The installation was expected to generate about 9 gigawatt-hour of electricity annually. In 2010 it survived 11 meter waves with seemingly no wear. By 2016,
2725-707: A variety of artistic venues, both performance and visual art. The most prominent is the Fine Arts Center (FAC) built in 1975. The FAC brings theater, music, and dance performances to campus throughout the year into its performance spaces (Concert Hall, Bezanson Recital Hall, and Bowker Auditorium). These include several performance series: Jazz in July Summer Music Program, The Asian Arts & Culture Program, Center Series, and Magic Triangle Series presenting music, dance, and theater performances, cultural arts events, films, talks, workshops, masterclasses, and special family events. University Museum of Contemporary Art in
2834-407: A visa. This event along with urging from legal advisers contributed to the belief that such incidents inhibited their ability to give Iranian students a "full program of education and research for Iranian students" and thus justified changing their admissions policies. The ensuing criticism on and off campus, as well as wide media publicity, changed the minds of school officials. As a result, UMass made
2943-783: Is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation , the university spent $ 211 million on research and development in 2018. The university's 21 varsity athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Minutemen and Minutewomen . The university is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference while playing ice hockey in Hockey East and football as an FBS independent school . The university
3052-977: Is a public land-grant research university in Amherst, Massachusetts , United States. It is the flagship campus of the University of Massachusetts system , and was founded in 1863 as the Massachusetts Agricultural College . It is also a member of the Five College Consortium , along with four other colleges in the Pioneer Valley . UMass Amherst has the largest undergraduate population in Massachusetts with roughly 24,000 enrolled undergraduates. The university offers academic degrees in 109 undergraduate, 77 master's, and 48 doctoral programs. Programs are coordinated in nine schools and colleges. It
3161-519: Is high and solar power is low . One of the few ports large enough to prepare offshore wind equipment could be Humboldt Bay . UK floating offshore wind could reach “subsidy-free” levels by the early 2030s, according to a study completed by the Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult's Floating Offshore Wind Centre of Excellence (FOW CoE). The UK leading technology innovation and research centre for offshore energy ORE Catapult has produced
3270-459: Is not economical, the power can be used in power to gas applications to produce hydrogen gas, ammonia / urea , reverse osmosis water desalination , natural gas , LPG , alkylate / gasoline , ship-mounted battery storage, etc. on floating platforms which can be easily transported to nearby consuming centers. Floating wind turbines can be used to provide motive power for achieving artificial upwelling of nutrient-rich deep ocean water to
3379-580: Is not questioned, as the long-term survivability of floating structures has been successfully demonstrated by the marine and offshore oil industries over many decades. However, the economics that allowed the deployment of thousands of offshore oil rigs have yet to be demonstrated for floating wind turbine platforms. For deepwater wind turbines, a floating structure will replace pile-driven monopoles or conventional concrete bases that are commonly used as foundations for shallow water and land-based turbines. The floating structure must provide enough buoyancy to support
Hywind Scotland - Misplaced Pages Continue
3488-490: Is now automatically eligible for an additional $ 39.9 Million in construction funding from the DOE, as long as the project continues to meet its milestones. WindFloat is a floating foundation for offshore wind turbines designed and patented by Principle Power . A full-scale prototype was constructed in 2011 by Windplus, a joint-venture between EDP , Repsol , Principle Power, A. Silva Matos, Inovcapital, and FAI. The complete system
3597-455: Is one of the largest on-campus housing systems in the United States. Over 14,000 students live in 52 residence halls, while families, staff, and graduate students live in 345 units in two apartment complexes (North Village and Lincoln). The fifty-two residence halls and four undergraduate apartment buildings are grouped into seven separate and very different residential areas: Central, Northeast, Orchard Hill, Southwest, Sylvan, North Apartments, and
3706-539: Is the ballasted catenary configuration, created by adding multiple-tonne weights hanging from the midsection of each anchor cable in order to provide additional cable tension and therefore increase stiffness of the above-water floating structure. The IEC 61400 –3 design standard requires that a loads analysis be based on site-specific external conditions such as wind, wave and currents. The IEC 61400–3-2 standard applies specifically to floating wind turbines. The technical feasibility of deepwater floating wind turbines
3815-605: Is the undergraduate student governmental body and provides funding for the many registered student organizations (RSOs) and agencies, including the Student Legal Services Office (SLSO) and the Center for Student Business (CSB). The SGA also makes formal recommendations on matters of campus policy and advocates for undergraduate students to the Administration, non-student organizations, and local and state government. As of
3924-598: Is then £180/MWh ($ 248/MWh), about three times the typical LCoE of a fixed offshore wind farm at £55/MWh ($ 75.7/MWh). The high cost is partly compensated by £165.27/MWh from Renewable Obligation Certificates . In its first 5 years of operation the facility has averaged a capacity factor of 54%, sometimes in 10 meter waves. By shutting down at the worst conditions, it survived Hurricane Ophelia , and then Storm Caroline with wind gusts at 160 km/h (99 mph) and waves of 8.2 metres. The subsequent 88 MW Hywind Tampen (with concrete floating foundations) became operational at
4033-705: The 1986 World Series and won in 2004 and 2007 , after the Red Sox were eliminated in the 2003 and 2008 playoffs, after UMass' football team lost in the Division I-AA football championship game in 2006 and after the Patriots first Super Bowl victory over St. Louis in Super Bowl XXXVI . The majority of these riots have been non-violent on the side of the students, except for the 1986 riot in which an argument between hundreds of students intensified into racial altercations where
4142-652: The Deutsche-Film Aktiengesellschaft , the East German film company founded in 1946. Some years after German reunification , in 1997, an agreement with two German partners led to the creation of a collection of East German film journals along with a large collection of 16mm and 35mm prints of DEFA films. More have been added since. The Shirley Graham Du Bois Library is located in the New Africa House. The university has several buildings (constructed in
4251-836: The National Public Radio affiliate for Western Massachusetts. In 2014, the station moved its main operations to the Fuller Building on Main Street in Springfield, but retained some offices in Hampshire House on the UMass campus. The Community Engagement Program (CEP) offers courses that combine classroom learning and community service. Co-curricular service programs include the Alternative Spring Break, Engineers without Borders,
4360-582: The Netherlands deployed the world's first floating wind turbine, 21.3 kilometres (13.2 mi) off the coast of Apulia , Italy in December 2007. The 80 kW prototype was installed in waters 113 metres (371 ft) deep in order to gather test data on wind and sea conditions, and was decommissioned at the end of 2008. The turbine utilized a tension-leg platform design and a two-bladed turbine. The first large-capacity, 2.3-megawatt floating wind turbine
4469-518: The Saipem 7000 floating crane, and the finished turbines were moved to near Peterhead. Three suction anchors hold each turbine. Hywind Scotland was commissioned in October 2017. While cost was reduced compared to the very expensive Hywind One at $ 31m/MW, it still came with a final capital cost of £264m, or £8.8m/MW, approximately three times the capital cost of fixed offshore windfarms. Measured by unit cost, Hywind's levelized cost of electricity (LCoE)
Hywind Scotland - Misplaced Pages Continue
4578-524: The Snorre and Gullfaks oil fields in Norway in 2023 at a cost of NOK 8 billion or £600m (£6.8/MW). In May 2024 all 5 turbines were to be towed back to Norway for several months of the heavy maintenance of replacing the main bearings. All turbines were operating again by October 2024. Floating wind turbine A floating wind turbine is an offshore wind turbine mounted on a floating structure that allows
4687-522: The 1960s and 1970s) of importance in the modernist style, including the Murray D. Lincoln Campus Center and Hotel designed by Marcel Breuer , the Southwest Residential Area designed by Hugh Stubbins Jr. of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , The Fine Arts Center by Kevin Roche , the W.E.B. Du Bois Library by Edward Durell Stone , and Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium by Gordon Bunshaft . Many of
4796-450: The 2023 school year, the SGA had a budget of over $ 7.5 million per year, which is collected from students in the form of the $ 266 per year Student Activities Fee. UMass permaculture is one of the first university permaculture initiatives in the nation and transforms marginalized landscapes on the campus into diverse, educational, low-maintenance, and edible gardens. Rather than tilling the soil,
4905-410: The 88 MW Hywind Tampen was calculated at NOK 8 billion. As of October 2010 , feasibility studies supported that floating turbines are becoming both technically and economically viable in the UK and global energy markets. "The higher up-front costs associated with developing floating wind turbines would be offset by the fact that they would be able to access areas of deep water off the coastline of
5014-482: The Amherst campus and was headed by a chancellor who reported to the president. A 1970 reorganization transferred day-to-day responsibility for UMass Amherst to a chancellor as well, with both chancellors reporting on an equal basis to the president. The title "President of the University of Massachusetts" now refers to the chief executive of the entire five-campus University of Massachusetts system. The current Chancellor of
5123-685: The Amherst campus is Javier Reyes. The Chancellor resides in Hillside, the campus residence for chancellors. Reyes is the first person of Hispanic descent to serve as Chancellor of the university. There are approximately 1,300 full-time faculty at the university. The university is organized into nine schools and colleges and offers 111 bachelor's degrees , 75 master's degrees , and 47 doctoral degrees . U.S. News & World Report ' s 2025 edition of America's Best Colleges ranked UMass Amherst tied for 58th on their list of "Best National Universities", and tied for 26th among 225 public universities in
5232-865: The Chemistry Laboratory, the Boarding House, the Botanic Museum, and the Durfee Plant House. The fledgling college grew under the leadership of President Henry Hill Goodell . In the 1880s, Goodell implemented an expansion plan, adding the College Drill Hall in 1883, the Old Chapel Library in 1885, and the East and West Experiment Stations in 1886 and 1890. The early 20th century saw expansion in enrollment and curriculum. The first female student
5341-547: The Class of 2022 was 1294/1600, and on average the students ranked in the top fifth of their high school class. Acceptance to the Commonwealth Honors College program of UMass Amherst is more selective with an average SAT score of 1409/1600 and an average weighted high school GPA of 4.29. The University's campus is situated on 1,450 acres of historically Pocumtuc land, mainly in the town of Amherst , but also partly in
5450-465: The College of Engineering (i.e., Chemical Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering) and in the College of Natural Sciences (i.e., Physics, Chemistry, Microbiology, and Polymer Science & Engineering) effective February 1, 2015." The University claims that this announcement was posted because a graduate student entered Iran for a project and was later denied
5559-741: The Commonwealth Honors College Residential Community (CHCRC). Located in the central corridor of campus, the Honors Community houses undergraduate members of Commonwealth Honors College . The University of Massachusetts Amherst campus embarked on a 10-year, $ 1 billion ($ 1,613,107,822 in today's money) capital improvement program in 2004, setting the stage for re-visioning the campus's future. This includes construction of $ 156 million New Science Laboratory Building, $ 30 million Champions Basketball Center, an $ 85 million academic building, and $ 30 million in renovations to
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#17328481365095668-507: The FAC has a permanent contemporary art collection of about 2,600 works and hosts numerous visual arts exhibitions each year as well as workshops, masterclasses, and artist residencies. The 9,000-seat Mullins Center , the multi-purpose arena of UMass Amherst hosts a wide variety of performances including speakers, rock concerts, and Broadway shows. In addition, the Music, Dance, and Theater Departments,
5777-525: The FLOATGEN project, a floating wind turbine demonstration project based on Ideol's technology, built by Bouygues Travaux Publics and operational off the coast of Le Croisic on the offshore experimentation site of Ecole Centrale de Nantes (SEM-REV). The construction of this project, France's first offshore wind turbine with a capacity of 2 MW, was completed in April 2018 and the unit installed on site in August 2018. For
5886-484: The French government selected Eolmed, a consortium led by French renewable energy developer Quadran in association with Ideol, Bouygues Travaux Publics and Senvion, for the development and construction of a 25MW Mediterranean floating offshore wind farm 15 km off the coastal town of Gruissan (Languedoc-Roussillon), planned to be commissioned 2020. VolturnUS is North America's first floating grid-connected wind turbine. It
5995-462: The Legal Studies Civil Rights Clinical Project, the Medical Reserve Corps , Alpha Phi Omega , the Red Cross Club, the Rotaract Club, UCAN Volunteer, and the Veterans and Service Members Association (VSMA). The White House has named UMass Amherst to the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll for four consecutive years, in recognition of its commitment to volunteering, service learning, and civic engagement. They have also been named
6104-617: The May 2007 issue of Nature Nanotechnology , and the team is currently focusing on sensors, which will detect malformed proteins made by cancer cells. Also, UMass Amherst scientists Richard Farris, Todd Emrick, and Bryan Coughlin led a research team that developed a synthetic polymer that does not burn. This polymer is a building block of plastic, and the new flame-retardant plastic will not need to have flame-retarding chemicals added to its composition. These chemicals have recently been found in many different areas from homes and offices to fish, and there are environmental and health concerns regarding
6213-484: The Renaissance Center, and multiple student groups dedicated to the arts provide an eclectic menu of performances throughout the year. The Interdepartmental Program for Film Studies has been organizing the Massachusetts Multicultural Film Festival on campus since 1991. UMass Amherst has a history of protest and activism among the undergraduate and graduate population and is home to over 200 registered student organizations (RSOs). The Student Government Association (SGA)
6322-468: The U.S. UMass Amherst is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education . Commonwealth Honors College at UMass provides students the opportunity to intensify their UMass academic curriculum. Membership in the honors college is not required to graduate from the University with designations such as magna or summa cum laude . In 2013, the University completed the Commonwealth Honors College Residential Community (CHCRC) on campus to serve
6431-408: The U.S. and the world, it has been found to significantly reduce costs compared to existing floating systems. The design has also received a complete third-party engineering review. In June 2016, the UMaine-led New England Aqua Ventus I project won top tier status from the US Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Technology Demonstration Program for Offshore Wind. This means that the Aqua Ventus project
6540-665: The UK where winds are stronger and reliable." The Offshore Valuation study conducted in the UK has confirmed that using just one third of the UK's wind, wave and tidal resource could generate energy equivalent to 1 billion barrels of oil per year; the same as North Sea oil and gas production. A significant challenge when using this approach is the coordination needed to develop transmission lines. A 2015 report by Carbon Trust recommends 11 ways to reduce cost. Also in 2015, researchers at University of Stuttgart estimated cost at €230/MWh. In California , offshore wind coincides well with evening and winter consumption, when grid demand
6649-476: The University of Massachusetts Amherst officially opened its new Design Building. Previously estimated at $ 50 million ($ 62,150,421 in today's money) the 87,000 square feet (8,100 m ) facility is the most advanced CLT building in the United States and the largest modern wood building in the northeastern United States. On April 6, 2018, Mount Ida College announced that the University of Massachusetts would be absorbing its campus. Mount Ida students were given
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#17328481365096758-439: The additives. The newly developed polymers would not require the addition of potentially hazardous chemicals. In 2012, the university reported that applications to the school had more than doubled since the Fall of 2003 and increased more than 80% since 2005. The incoming Class of 2022 had an average high school GPA of 3.90 out of a 4.0 weighted scale, up from an average GPA of 3.83 the year before. The average SAT score of
6867-415: The arts, agriculture, and the history of the surrounding region. The Science and Engineering Library is the other library building, located in the Lederle Graduate Research Center Lowrise. UMass is also home to the DEFA Film Library , the only archive and study collection of East German films outside of Europe. It was founded in 1993 by Barton Byg, professor of film and German Studies, and so named after
6976-405: The average retail electricity consumer. Power could be flowing into the grid no earlier than 2016. As a result of legislation in 2013 by the State of Maine , Statoil placed the planned Hywind Maine floating wind turbine development project on hold in July 2013. The legislation required the Maine Public Utilities Commission to undertake a second round of bidding for the offshore wind sites with
7085-440: The average wind speed is 10 m/s and the water depth is 100 m. In June 2016, Maine's New England Aqua Ventus I floating offshore wind demonstration project, designed by the DeepCwind Consortium, was selected by the U.S. Department of Energy to participate in the Offshore Wind Advanced Technology Demonstration program. In August 2021, the project got approval to use non-US barges. In January 2022, Crown Estate Scotland ,
7194-417: The ban with a policy aimed at designing specific curricula for admitted Iranian nationals based on their needs. While less controversial, this policy has still generated backlash, with one student saying, "This university that's supposed to be so open-minded forcing him to sign a document saying he won't go home and build a bomb or something is just really disappointing to see." The UMass Amherst campus offers
7303-470: The bookshelves into the structural support of the building. It is home of the memoirs and papers of the distinguished African-American activist and Massachusetts native W. E. B. Du Bois , as well as being the depository for other important collections, such as the papers of the late Congressman Silvio O. Conte . The library's special collections include works on movements for social change, African American history and culture, labor and industry, literature and
7412-445: The campus almost since inception, with its first fraternity, the Latin letter-named Q.T.V. emerging in 1869, and the first sorority, Delta Phi Gamma (local) in 1916. Approximately 1,500 students are active members each academic year. Several fraternities had houses on North Pleasant Street until 2007 when several lots owned by Alpha Tau Gamma were sold to the university for $ 2,500,000 ($ 3,673,568 in today's money). Alpha Tau Gamma,
7521-400: The college, including classrooms, administration, and housing for 1,500 students and some faculty. UMass Amherst is part of the Five Colleges Consortium , which allows its students to attend classes, borrow books, work with professors, etc., at four other Pioneer Valley institutions: Amherst , Hampshire , Mount Holyoke , and Smith Colleges. UMass Amherst holds the license for WFCR ,
7630-441: The column supporting the turbine, thus creating an "asymmetric mooring." As the wind shifts direction and changes the loads on the turbine and foundation, a secondary hull-trim system shifts ballast water between each of the three columns. This permits the platform to maintain even keel while producing the maximum amount of energy. This is in contrast to other floating concepts which have implemented control strategies that de-power
7739-431: The early phase of development, with several single turbine prototypes having been installed since 2007. As of 2023 , there are 4 operational floating wind farms, at a combined 193 MW. The Hywind Tampen floating offshore wind farm , recognized as the world's largest, began operating in August 2023. Located approximately 140 kilometers off the coast of Norway, it consists of 11 turbines and is expected to supply about 35% of
7848-418: The electricity needs for five nearby oil and gas platforms . The concept for large-scale offshore floating wind turbines was introduced by Professor William E. Heronemus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1972. It was not until the mid 1990s, after the commercial wind industry was well established, that the topic was taken up again by the mainstream research community. Blue H Technologies of
7957-510: The first six floating wind turbines. In 2011, some foreign companies had also planned to bid on the 1-GW large floating wind farm that Japan hoped to build by 2020. In March 2012, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry approved a 12.5bn yen ($ 154m) project to float a 2-MW Fuji in March 2013 and two 7-MW Mitsubishi hydraulic "SeaAngel" later about 20–40 km offshore in 100–150 metres of water depth. The Japanese Wind Power Association claims
8066-445: The floating wind turbine would be used to drive high–flow and low–head water pumps to draw cold water from below 50 meters water depth and mixed with warm surface water by eductors before releasing it into the sea. Mediterranean Sea , Black Sea , Caspian Sea , Red Sea , Persian Gulf , deep water lakes/reservoirs are suitable for artificial upwelling for enhancing fish catch economically. These units can also be mobile-type to utilize
8175-470: The floating wind turbines, the turbine rotates around its single mooring point to face the wind. The pivot point ensures the mechanical and electrical link between the turbine and the sea floor. Eolink grid connected its first one-tenth scale demonstrator in April 2018. Ideol's engineers have developed and patented a ring-shaped floating foundation based on a central opening system (Damping Pool) used for optimizing foundation + wind turbine stability. As such,
8284-476: The football stadium. In early 2016, the construction of a new electrical substation located near Tillson Farm was completed. The purpose of the substation is to supply electricity to the university more efficiently and reliably, with estimated savings of $ 1 million per year ($ 1,269,551 in today's money). The project was created in partnership with the utilities company Eversource , and cost approximately $ 26 million ($ 33,008,319 in today's money). In April 2017,
8393-522: The late 1990s, representative costs and the economic feasibility of shallow-water offshore wind power are well understood. In 2009, shallow-water turbines cost US$ 2.4-3 million per megawatt to install, according to the World Energy Council , while the practical feasibility and per-unit economics of deep-water, floating-turbine offshore wind was yet to be established. In 2021, a French auction closed below €120/MWh (US$ 141/MWh) of electricity for
8502-417: The month of February 2020, it had an availability of 95% and a capacity factor of 66%. In August 2018, Hibiki, the second demonstrator with an aerodyn Energiesysteme GmbH 3.2 MW 2-bladed wind turbine was installed 15 km east of the port of Kitakyushu by Japanese conglomerate Hitachi Zosen. Ideol developed the design for this steel hull that was manufactured in a Japanese dry dock. In August 2017,
8611-653: The neighboring town of Hadley . The campus extends about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the Campus Center in all directions and may be thought of as a series of concentric rings, with the innermost ring harboring academic buildings and research labs, surrounded by a ring of the seven residential areas and two university-owned apartment complexes. These include North Apartments, Sylvan, Northeast, Central, Orchard Hill, Southwest, Commonwealth Honors College Residential Complex., The two university-owned apartment complexes, North Village and Lincoln Apartments were demolished, and replaced by
8720-484: The older dorms and lecture halls are built in a Georgian Revival style such as French Hall, Fernald Hall , Stockbridge Hall, and Flint Laboratory . The campus facilities underwent extensive renovations during the late 1990s. New and newly renovated facilities include student apartment complexes, the Hampshire Dining Commons, a library Learning Commons, a School of Management, an Integrated Science Building,
8829-524: The program, ScotWind, as a commercial breakthrough. In December 2022, the US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management awarded leases for 4.6 GW on 373,000 acres offshore California to 5 winners who are required to pay $ 750m. The price of $ 2,000/acre is less than East Coast leases, due to lower competition and higher build cost. As of 2023, Europe hosts 4 small floating wind farms with a combined capacity of 176 MW. Expansion plans are notable, with France tendering
8938-444: The project has since been cancelled. The subsea metal structure is reported to improve dynamic stability, whilst still maintaining shallow draft , by dampening wave– and turbine–induced motion utilizing a tri-column triangular platform with the wind turbine positioned on one of the three columns. The triangular platform is then "moored" using a conventional catenary mooring consisting of four lines, two of which are connected to
9047-564: The public corporation of the Scottish Government responsible for the management of land and property in Scotland, awarded 14.5 GW in 10 leases for floating wind farms, along with 10 GW of fixed-foundation. There were 74 applicants, and 17 winners. By April 2022, all 17 lease holders had signed up, and are required to pay £700m to the Scottish government. Floating wind power has so far been considered costly, but industry commentators described
9156-459: The seasonal favourable winds all around the year. Eolink floating wind turbine is a single point mooring system technology. The patented structure of this French company based in Plouzané is a semi-submersible floating hull with a 4 masts pyramidal structure. The structure supports the turbine by 2 upwind and 2 downwind masts. It gives more clearance for the blades and distributes stress. Unlike most of
9265-563: The site while surviving 40 m/s (89 mph) wind speed and 19 m waves. In 2015, the company received permission to install the wind farm in Scotland, in an attempt at reducing the cost relative to the original Hywind, in accordance with the Scottish Government's commitment for cost reduction. Manufacturing for the project, with a budgeted cost of NOK2 billion (£152m), started in 2016 in Spain, Norway and Scotland. The turbines were assembled at Stord in Norway in summer 2017 using
9374-510: The sloshing water contained in this central opening counteracts the swell-induced floater oscillations. Foundation-fastened mooring lines are attached to the seabed to hold the assembly in position. This floating foundation is compatible with all wind turbines without any modification and has reduced dimensions (from 36 to 55 metres per side for a wind turbine between 2 and 8 MW). Manufacturable in concrete or steel, this floating foundation allows for local construction near project sites. Ideol leads
9483-460: The strengths of UMass Amherst with the growing demand for talent in areas that drive the Massachusetts economy, including health care, business, computer science, and other STEM specialties. Campus safety features include controlled dormitory access, emergency telephones, lighted sidewalks, and 24-hour campus police patrols on feet and by vehicle. Riots occurred after the Boston Red Sox lost
9592-467: The surface for enhancing fisheries growth in areas with tropical and temperate weather. Though deep seawater (below 50 meters depth) is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, the phytoplankton growth is poor due to the absence of sunlight. The most productive ocean fishing grounds are located in cold water seas at high latitudes where natural upwelling of deep sea water occurs due to inverse thermocline temperatures. The electricity generated by
9701-408: The turbine had produced 3 GWh. The cost of this project is around €20 million (about US$ 26 million). This single wind turbine can produce energy equivalent for 1300 homes. It operated until 2016, and survived storms without damage. Principle Power was planning a 30-MW WindFloat project in 2013 using 6-MW Siemens turbines in 366 m of water near Coos Bay, Oregon to be operational in 2017, but
9810-500: The turbine had produced 50 GWh; an overall capacity factor of 41%. The turbine survived 40 m/s wind speed and 19 m waves and was sold in 2019, expecting 10 more years of production and tests. At the same site, the 3.6 MW TetraSpar was commissioned in December 2021. In September 2011, Principle Power, backed by EDP, Repsol, ASM and Portugal ventures installed in Portugal the second grid-connected full-scale prototype. WindFloat WF1
9919-443: The turbine to compensate for changes in turbine thrust-induced overturning moment. This technology could allow wind turbines to be sited in offshore areas that were previously considered inaccessible, areas having water depth exceeding 40 m and more powerful wind resources than shallow-water offshore wind farms typically encounter. University of Massachusetts Amherst The University of Massachusetts Amherst ( UMass Amherst )
10028-581: The turbine to generate electricity in water depths where fixed-foundation turbines are not feasible. Floating wind farms have the potential to significantly increase the sea area available for offshore wind farms, especially in countries with limited shallow waters, such as Spain, Portugal, Japan, France and the United States' West Coast. Locating wind farms further offshore can also reduce visual pollution , provide better accommodation for fishing and shipping lanes , and reach stronger and more consistent winds. Commercial floating wind turbines are mostly at
10137-651: The turbines have been towed to port for repairs, and returned. In August 2019, Enova awarded NOK 2.3 billion to Equinor for the NOK 8 billion 88 MW concrete floating wind farm called Hywind Tampen, with the purpose of reducing technology costs and supplying 35% of the annual power to the Snorre and Gullfaks oil fields. Construction began in 2021, and turbines were assembled in 2022, sending first power to Gullfaks A in November 2022, and completed in August 2023. Submersible Location map In 2011, Japan planned to build
10246-442: The use of offshore wind power from fixed to floating foundations. Topics for research in this field include: As they are suitable for towing, floating wind turbine units can be relocated to any location on the sea without much additional cost. So they can be used as prototype test units to practically assess the design adequacy and wind power potential of prospective sites. When the transmission of generated wind power to nearby land
10355-609: The weight of the turbine and to restrain pitch, roll and heave motions within acceptable limits. The capital costs for the wind turbine itself will not be significantly higher than current marine-proofed turbine costs in shallow water. Therefore, the economics of deepwater wind turbines will be determined primarily by the additional costs of the floating structure and power distribution system, which are offset by higher offshore winds and close proximity to large load centres (e.g. shorter transmission runs). With empirical data obtained from fixed-bottom installations off many countries since
10464-527: The world's first operational deep-water floating large-capacity wind turbine, the US$ 71 million 2.3 MW Hywind ($ 31/W), in 2009. The 120 metres (390 ft) tall tower with a 2.3 MW Siemens turbine was towed from the Åmøy fjord and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) offshore into the North Sea in 220 metres (720 ft) deep water, off of Stavanger, Norway on 9 June 2009 for a two-year test run, but remains working at
10573-449: Was Hywind, which became operational in the North Sea near Norway in September 2009. The turbine was constructed by Siemens Wind Power and mounted on a floating tower with a 100 m deep draft, with a float tower constructed by Technip . After assembly in the calmer waters of Åmøy Fjord near Stavanger , Norway, the 120 m tall tower was towed 10 km offshore into 220 m deep water, 10 km southwest of Karmøy , on 6 June 2009 for
10682-507: Was admitted in 1875 on a part-time basis and the first full-time female student was admitted in 1892. In 1903, Draper Hall was constructed for the dual purpose of a dining hall and female housing. The first female students graduated with the class of 1905. The first dedicated female dormitory, the Abigail Adams House (on the site of today's Lederle Tower), was built in 1920. By the 1970s, the University continued to grow and gave rise to
10791-517: Was appointed president of the college and Professor of Botany. He appointed a faculty, coordinated the completion of construction, and, in the fall of 1867, welcomed the first class of approximately 50 students. Clark became the first president to serve long-term after the school's opening. Of the school's founding figures, there are a traditional "founding four" – Clark, Levi Stockbridge , Charles Goessmann , and Henry Hill Goodell . The original buildings consisted of Old South College, North College,
10900-500: Was assembled and commissioned onshore including the turbine. The entire structure was then wet-towed 400 kilometres (250 mi) (from southern to northern Portugal) to its final installed location 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) offshore of Aguçadoura, Portugal , previously the Aguçadoura Wave Farm . The WindFloat was equipped with a Vestas v80 2.0-megawatt turbine and installation was completed on 22 October 2011. A year later,
11009-567: Was being developed by Statoil North America for placement 20 kilometres (12 mi) off the east coast of Maine in 140–158 metres (459–518 ft)-deep water of the Atlantic Ocean . Like the first Hywind installation off Norway, the turbine foundation would be a spar floater . The State of Maine Public Utility Commission voted to approve the construction and fund the US$ 120 ;million project by adding approximately 75 cents/month to
11118-419: Was commissioned in 2017. It uses 5 Siemens turbines of 6 MW each, has a capacity of 30 MW and is sited 18 miles (29 km) off Peterhead . The project also incorporates a 1 MWh lithium-ion battery system (called Batwind). In its first 5 years of operation it averaged a capacity factor of 54%, sometimes in 10 meter waves. WindFloat Atlantic, sited 20 km off the coast of Viana do Castelo, Portugal, has
11227-547: Was commissioned in 2017. Its capital cost was £264 million, or £8.8m/MW, which is approximately three times the capital cost of fixed offshore windfarms and ten times the capital cost of gas-fired power stations. Its operating costs, at approximately £150,000/MW were also higher than for fixed offshore windfarms. A second UK project, the Kincardine Floating Offshore Windfarm, has been reported as costing £500 million to build, or £10m/MW. In 2023, costs for
11336-403: Was fitted with a Vestas 2 MW turbine and went on to produce over 17 GWh of electricity over the next 5 years. The unit was decommissioned in 2016 and was later repurposed. In June 2013, the University of Maine deployed the 20 kW VolturnUS 1:8, a 65 foot (20 m) tall floating turbine prototype that is 1:8th the scale of a 6-MW, 450 foot (140 m) rotor diameter design. VolturnUS 1:8
11445-517: Was founded in 1863 under the provisions of the Federal Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act to provide instruction to Massachusetts citizens in "agricultural, mechanical, and military arts." Accordingly, the university was initially named the Massachusetts Agricultural College . In 1867, the college had yet to admit any students and had not completed any buildings but had been through two presidents. That same year, William S. Clark
11554-707: Was lowered into the Penobscot River in Maine on 31 May 2013 by the University of Maine Advanced Structures and Composites Center and its partners. During its deployment, it experienced numerous storm events representative of design environmental conditions prescribed by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Guide for Building and Classing Floating Offshore Wind Turbines, 2013. The VolturnUS floating concrete hull technology can support wind turbines in water depths of 45 m or more. With 12 independent cost estimates from around
11663-524: Was named a top producer of Fulbright Award winners in the 2008–2009 academic year. Additionally, in 2010, it was named one of the "Top Colleges and Universities Contributing to Teach For America 's 2010 Teaching Corps." From World War II to 2023, the imagery on the official seal of the university was nearly identical to the state flag of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. That image of the seal has been slowly removed starting in 2011, until March 2023 when
11772-445: Was the University library, which was built after the library had outgrown its space in the 1885 "Old Chapel" building. Originally known as Goodell Library, the building was named for Henry H. Goodell, who had served as College Librarian, Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature, and eighth President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The Library is well regarded for its innovative architectural design, which incorporates
11881-553: Was the first grid-connected offshore wind turbine deployed in the Americas. The VolturnUS design utilizes a concrete semi-submersible floating hull and a composite materials tower designed to reduce both capital and Operation & Maintenance costs, and to allow local manufacturing. The technology was the result of collaborative research and development conducted by the University of Maine-led DeepCwind Consortium. The first 2 MW Hitachi turbine became operational in November 2013, and had
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